ASSIGNMENT 5. Some vocabulary

CARLISTAS (Carlists) The original Carlists were so named because they supported the claim of 'Charles V', as they called him, to the throne of his dead brother, Ferdinand VII. Extreme conservatives, they advocated a return to the old order, in which cause they staged three armed rebellions during the nineteenth century (1833-1840, 1846-49 and 1872-76). Their main support came from the Church and rural areas in Aragon, Catalonia and, above all, Navarre and the Basque Country, where the retention of the traditional local privileges was a major issue. After its third defeat, the Carlist movement (carlismo) split, the most reactionary elements (integristas) abandoning the claim of Charle's heirs to the throne in favour of demands in other areas, especially regarding the Church's status. The movement was later reunited as Tradicionalism and played a significant role during the Civil War of the 1930's and under the Franco regime. When democracy returned after 1975 the official Carlist pretender bizarrely adopted extreme left-wing ideas, splitting his followers again and confirming the end of Carlism as a serious political player even in its Navarrese heartland.

FUEROS (Traditional local privileges; old laws) Under the old order, many towns and districts in Spain enjoyed traditional privileges, such as exemption from taxes or military service. By the 1830s most had been abolished, as much in the interests of administrative efficiency as from liberal principles. However, the three Basque provinces (Alava, Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya) and Navarre retained a number of special features. In particular, Spanish tariffs on imports and exports did not apply to goods entering these areas from outside, while the provincial authorities were entitled to levy customs duties on goods coming and going from the rest of Spain; in effect, the four provinces constituted a duty-free zone. This and some other privileges -or 'old laws', as they were known in Basque -were suppressed following the defeat of the Carlists' first uprising and the remainder abolished after the movement's final defeat in 1876.

PRONUNCIAMIENTO: (military declaration) A characteristically Spanish form of military revolt, declarations typically began with the reading of a statement of grievances by officers to their troops (hence the name) as an appeal for support. If successful, this would be followed by risings at other barracks, and by a march on Madrid to force a change of government. Such risings tended to be linked to attempted popular 'revolutions'; the vast majority failed. In their heyday, the period 1812-1868, declarations were seen within the Army as a legitimate form of protest, with their own etiquette; for instance, that those involved in an unsuccessful revolt should be dealt with leniently. Thereafter, these peculiarities, disappeared and risings in general became much less frequent. But the tradition of military insubordination lived on, as was to be seen in the right-wing coups of 1923 and 1936. As recently as 1981 military officers attempted to overthrow an elected civilian government, but the danger of such intervention now seems finally to have been banished.

 1. Why did Carlists revolt? What reasons did they give? Did they success? Why? How did liberals stop Carlists?
 2. Were there any other 'old laws' in Early Modern Spain? Where?
 3. Are there any people or parties who defend 'fueros' today? Do you think 'fueros' are legitimate nowadays?
 4. What do you think about 'pronunciamientos'?
 5. What kind of people or political parties defend 'pronunciamientos' in early 19th century? And in 20th century? Why did it change?

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